The largest solar furnace is at Odeillo in the Pyrénées-Orientales in France, opened in 1970. It employs an array of plane mirrors to gather sunlight, reflecting it onto a larger curved mirror.
As far as energy sources go, focused solar heat is ancient. In ancient Greece, glass vases were filled with water to create a "burning glass" and as the Greeks got better at creating lenses, focused sunlight was used to light sacred fires and even cauterize wounds.
The most famous of these solar powered burning lenses is the system Archimedes is said to have used to ignite a fleet of Roman ships. And it wasn't just the Greeks and Romans who used solar power lenses either, "Visby" lenses made of ground rock crystal were used by the Vikings in the 1000s, and similar technology is believed to have been used by the Celts and even the ancient Egyptians.
The name "solar furnace," translates in Latin to heliocaminus. A heliocaminus was simply a glass enclosed room meant to focus and heat the room, much like a modern sunroom. The principles behind a modern solar furnace hasn't changed much from these sun rooms and "burning lenses."
The world's largest solar furnace is located in Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via, a commune in the sunny Pyrenees mountains on the French-Spanish border. The furnace consists of a field of 10,000 mirrors bounce the sun's rays onto a large concave mirror which focuses the enormous amount of sunlight onto an area roughly the size of a cooking pot which reaches temperatures above 3,000 °C or 5,430 degrees Fahrenheit.
The solar furnace itself isn't exactly new. The first modern solar furnace was built in Mont Louis, in 1949 by professor Félix Trombe, and the current one was constructed in 1970. However the solar furnace continues to generate a beam of focused sunlight as powerful today as it was 3000 years ago.
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